ഗുണ്ടർട്ടിന്റെ മലയാളം—ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് നിഘണ്ടു/Notes by The Publisher

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ഗുണ്ടർട്ടിന്റെ മലയാളം—ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് നിഘണ്ടു Notes by The Publisher

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constructed table of contents

[ 63 ] NOTES BY THE PUBLISHER.

1. The Transliteration, adopted for the leading words upon Dr. Lepsius's system, is mainly given to assist European students of the language, who may feel the need of such a help. This system follows the pronunciation and is fully explained under the head "Trans- literation". Foreign words are usually trans- literated in their original shape. 2. Sanscrit Roots. It is necessary to make a few remarks regarding the form of the Sanscrit roots and words which are given in this Dictionary. In the South of India the Grammar of Pāṇini is alone studied, and it is indeed the greatest work on Sanscrit Grammar, but roots and words are not always given here in the forms which a student of Pāṇini would expect. In every grammar it is necessary to adopt some conventional way of indicating the changes that roots and words formed from them undergo, and for this purpose there is in Pāṇini's Grammar an elaborate apparatus of letters added to roots, and which are called anubandha, and even letters which form part of the root itself are arbitrarily changed. So we find in the Dhātu-pāṭha (or list of roots) šṭhā for sthā, and hṛṅ for hṛ. The Grammars of Vopadēva, šāka- ṭāyana etc. have a totally different set of such letters, Philologists in Europe have found that it is an improvement to change the Indian sys- tem in some respects, and the authors of the St. Petersburg Dictionary * of Sanscrit, which is by far the best and most complete, have adopted this view. Philologists have come to the conclusion that the vowels ṛ, ṝ and ḷi are not primitive, so

in this Dictionary Dr. Gundert generally gives words according to this view as adopted by the authors of the St. Petersburg Dictio- nary. The roots which end in the above vowels will here be found ending in r, e.g. d ṛ is given as dar; d h ṛ as dhar; h ṛ as har. So also the numerous nouns signifying an agent which end in ṛ would here be given as ending in ar; e.g. kartṛ as kartar. So also diphthongs which terminate roots in the dhātupāṭha are considered as secondary, and thus instead of gai we find gā; and sā instead of sō. Natives of India who consult Dr. Gundert's work must not be led away by the idea that the only right or possible ways of representing Sans- crit roots and words are those which Indian Grammarians have found convenient. A little experience will convince them that the contrary is the case. 3. The Dravidian element in Sanscrit. A number of words apparently of Sanscrit origin have, on closer examination, turn- ed out to be merely sanscritized Dravidian words. The author of this Dictionary, in a German paper on this subject, has pointed out* many such words e.g. kēyūram, putraṅ, markaḍam, viraḷam, etc. Their reception and especially that of puttaɤam into Sans- crit may, as the author observed, be considered a strong proof of a once flourishing literary period in the Deccan, whenever that time may have been.—Sometimes the words or roots of both languages coincide, without however justi-

[ 64 ]

fying the prima facie conclusion that the one has borrowed from the other. Further, words commonly taken as Dravidian, will be found to have been imported; doubts regarding the origin of others are still entertained. The study and comparison of the Dravidian tongues, though at present carried on by a very few only, will, it is hoped, result in throwing more light on this in- teresting subject. 4. In the arrangement of the Al- phabet a slight but rational deviation, affecting the sequence of 2 letters, has been found necessary, viz: a) ക്ഷ, being a compound letter (= ക+ഷ) and consequently akin to ക്ര etc., has been plac- ed under and at the end of ക. –b) റ follows half r (1), which partakes of the ര & റ sounds, comp. വേർതിരിക്ക, വേൎത്തിരിക്ക, വേറുത്തിരിക്ക. 5. The long vowels ē (േ) and ō (േ-ാ) have been used consistently throughout the Dictionary in order to put an end to doubt and vagueness. Their general introduction into writing and printing is highly desirable. 6. Regarding the doubling of con- sonants in Malayāḷam composition, some diffi- culties were experienced. a) In Malayāḷam Compound Nouns, as a rule, the consonant is doubled after the long vowels ā, ī, ū, ē, ei, palatal a, i, full u, the final consonants r, l, ḷ,ḻ , after m dropped in Mal. or Sanscr, Nouns (മരത്തോപ്പു M., ഭസ്മക്കൊട്ട S. and M.). It occurs often after short pure a, seldom after ụ, fluctuates with i, e.g. വഴിക്കേടു and വഴികേടു (മുനി പ്പെരുമാൾ, ബുദ്ധിതിരക്കു S. and M.) even after dropped m, e.g. അകതാർ, is often optional after final consonants, e.g. തട്ടി ന്മേൽ കളി, മുൾചെടി etc., not observed in കൈകാൎയ്യം etc. b) In Compounds of Nouns and verbs, e.g. മതിപോരുക, കൈതൊഴുക, reduplication is not required; it may however occur after Accusatives; with some adverbial participles

as e.g. തങ്ങളെക്കൊണ്ടു, എന്നെച്ചൊല്ലി etc. it cannot be spared. c) In Compounds of Verbs with Verbs redu- plication is necessary after the Infinitive, e.g. വെളുക്കത്തേച്ചു and the past tense in i, e.g. തിക്കിത്തിരക്കി etc. In the case of ആയി the metre decides it, e.g. p. 127 ഉണ്ണിത്വമായിക്ക ഴിയും, p. 153 ഊഴരായിചെന്നു (=യ്. യ്ച) etc. These rules and their exceptions, as set forth by the author of this Dictionary in his Malayā- ḷam Grammar (see Sandhi § 87, Samāsarūpam §§ 162 - 169) and sanctioned by the language, have, in all doubtful cases, been the guides of the readers of the proofs who are acquainted with North & South Malayāḷam. 7. A complete list of Abbreviations of grammatical and technical terms, works of re- ference, etc. is given separately. Besides these recourse has been had to 4 modes of shortening words in quotations, viz: a) A fullstop after the first syllable implies the whole word which, in this case, is not affected by affixes, Sandhi, etc., e.g. ബുദ്ധി മോ.(ശം), ന.(ടപ്പു)കടിയാന്മാർ, ശ.(ക്തി)ക്ക ടുത്ത, വാ.(യു)വിന്റെ, വ.(ടിവു)മാനാൻ, വി.(രുതു)ം, വി.(രുതു)ടയ, വ.(രിക)യില്ല etc. b) An apostrophe (') after the first syllable points to the omission of one or more letters in the body of the word, e.g. മോ'(ക്ഷ) ത്തെ, മോ'(ക്ഷ)ങ്ങൾ, അ'(ഭ്യാസ)വും, വി' (ശ്രമി)ച്ചാൻ, വീ'(ളു)വാൻ, വേ'(ർവിടു)ന്നി ല്ല, വി'(ശ്വൈക)നാഥൻ etc. c) The dash(—) marks the omission of either the first member of a compound, e.g. പ ഞ്ഞി: –ക്കുരു = പഞ്ഞിക്കുരു, or of the last one, e.g. പാല: ദേവ – = ദേവപാല etc. d) A dash (—), hyphen (-) or ellipsis (...) in a quotation shows that a word or words have been omitted. 8. The virāma (˘) indicates: a) That the consonant over which it is plac- ed is to be pronounced without any vowel

[ 65 ]

after it, e.g., കീഴ്, ശുഭ്. It is used also to indicate an arbitrary division of words in a sentence which would otherwise be written continuously, e.g. തരളം p. 432 പ രബ്രഹ്മത്തോട് ഒന്നിച്ച് അദ്വൈതമായി reads: പരബ്രഹ്മത്തോടൊന്നിപ്പദ്വൈതമാ യി. This is done for the convenience, of the reader. b) To show the real and accurate pronun- ciation of the half u as ụ. It is used also where by the ordinary orthography this is improperly written as a, e.g. where അവൎക്ക instead of അവൎക്കു is found, we write അവൎക്ക്. 9. The mark of quotation (“ ”) either points to a literal meaning, ƒ.i. p. 991 വേതാ ണ്ഡം "bather', or to a word received into Eng- lish, ƒ.i. "godown” fr. കിടങ്ങു etc. 10. The different species of animals, plants etc. which come under the same genus in Mala- yāḷam are mostly to be found under the leading word, see ƒ. i. II, മാൻ, ചിറാക, താളി, വണ്ടി, വ സൂരി, etc. some of these for linguistic or other reasons may appear under the qualifying word which forms the first member of the compound, ƒ.i. വെള്ളപ്പച്ച. Parts of plants etc. are enumerated under their respective leading words, see ƒ. i. വാഴ, തു ലാം etc., and are besides to be found separately. Certain Compounds, which are not to be found under the ƒirst word, should be looked for under the second, ƒ.i. സൂചിമെതിയടി is to be found under മെതിയടി, ചിത്തരംഗം under അ രംഗം, ഉപവീതം under വീതം etc.—Moreover less common Sanscrit words compounded with one or more prefixes may be found under the simpler words: അവ്യാഹൃതം under വ്യാഹൃതം, അ തിസമ്മോദം under സമ്മോദം, സവിസ്മിതം under വിസ്മിതം, സുവ്രതികൻ under വ്രതികൻ, etc.

Again regarding a number of Sanscrit compounds, ƒ.i. വി–ദ്രുമം, വി–പ്ര–ലംബം etc. additional in- formation may be gathered by referring to the simple word. 11. It need scarcely be said that, in seeking for certain compounds under their leading words, care must be taken to find out the proper one, ƒ.i. whether മനശ്ശില belongs to മനസ്സു, മ ന, or മനം, വെള്ളെഴുത്തു to വെള്ളം or വെള്ള, ആ ട്ടുകൊറ്റൻ to ആടു or ആട്ടു etc. In fact every leading article should be read through whenever the Dictionary is consulted. By doing this the student will soon be able to find each word in its appointed place, ƒ.i. V.N.വെപ്പു and CV. വെപ്പിക്ക under വെക്ക, the v. a കഴി ക്ക and അടെക്ക under കഴിയുക and അടയുക, നിറെക്ക under നിറ etc., the v. n. നിറക്ക under നിറം, നിറയുക, under നിറ etc. Matter, which may be omitted in the alphabetical list subjoined to leaders will be found under their definition. This way of using the Dictionary recommends itself also on other grounds. Hints thrown out here and there in the Dictionary are intended to foster a spirit of enquiry. 12. The Appendix furnishes supple- mentary matter in alphabetical order. Though the Publisher as well as the Editor, the Rev. E. Diez, Palghaut, and their respective native assistants have spared no pains to render the book as correct as possible, yet on account of the complicated nature of the work, the typographical difficulties, the distance of the Editor from the Press, and the delay in obtaining information from the author, now in Germany, on doubtful points, a number of errors have crept into the print, which have also been noticed in the Appendix, for the most part from notes furnished by the author.

[ 66 ] following Lepsius's Standard Alphabet, 2nd Edition 1863, 2nd postscript.

a Vowels. (§ § 10-85)1)

അ	a	as a in about		എ	e		as ea in head
ആ	ấ	„ a „ far		ഏ	ē		„ ea „swear
ഇ	i	„ i „ pin		ഐ	ei,ai	M.	as ei in height
ൟ	ī	„ i „ police			ai,ei	s.	as ai in kaiser
ഉ	u 2) „ u „ full			ഒ	o		as o in collect
ഊ	ū	„ u „ rule		ഓ	ō	„ o „vote
ഋ	ṛ	vocalized r		ഔ	au	„ ou „ house
ൠ	ṝ	do. ṝ	lengthened	അം	aṃ	„ um „ fulcrum
ഌ	ḷi	vocalized l		അഃ	aḥ,aഃ	vocalized h
ൡ	ḷī	do. l	lengthened

b. Consonants. (§ § 36–68)

1. a. Initial.3)

ക	ka	as ka in kalendar	ധ	dha	the same aspirated
ഖ	kha	the same aspirated	ന	na	the true dental na
ഗ	ga	as ga in gallon	പ	pa	as pa in parental
ഘ	gha	the same aspirated	ഫ	pha	the same aspirated
ങ	ṅa	as ñg in singing	ബ	ba	as ba in balloon
ച	ča	as cha in chapter	ഭ	bha	the same aspirated
ഛ	čha	the same aspirated	മ	ma	as ma in maternal
ജ	ĵa	as ja in Japan	യ	ya	as ya in yahoo (German j)
ഝ	ĵh	the same aspirated	ര	ra	a palatal r
ഞ	ṅa	as nya in banyan	റ	ŕa	a cerebral r (German r)
ട	ṭa	the cerebral ta	ല	la	as la in laborious
ഠ	ṭha	the same aspirated	വ	va	„ va in variety (soft English v)
ഡ	ḍa	the cerebral da	ശ	ša	a palatal sh
ഢ	ḍha	the same aspirated	ഷ	ša	a cerebral sh (English sh)
ണ	ṇa	the cerebral na	സ	sa	as sa in salute
ത	ta	the true dental ta	ഹ	ha	„ ha in harangue
ഥ	tha	the same aspirated	ള	ḷa	a cerebral l
ദ	da	the true dental da	ഴ	ḻa	a cerebro–palatal l

[ 67 ] b. Final.

ൿ k

ൺ ṇ

ൻ ń

മ്= ം m

ൕ y

ർ r

ൽ l

ൾ ḷ

ഴ് ḷ 1)

c.Followed by a Consonant.

ക്ത kta	ക്വ kva	ക്ഷ kša	ഗ്ന gna	ഗ്ധ gdha
ച്യ čya	ച്ശ്ര ččhra	ഛ്ശ ččha	ജ്ഞ jṅa	ജ്ഝ jjha
ത്ഥ ttha	ത്ഥ്യ tthya	ത്ന tna	ദ്ധ ddha	ധ്ന dhna
പ്ത pta	പ്ല pla	ബ്ദ bda	ബ്ര bra
ല്ബ lba	ശ്ച šča	സ്ക ska	ഷ്ക ška etc

[യ്ക്ക yka

ൾ്ക്ക ḷka

ഴ്ക്ക ḷക

(യ്ക yɤ

ല്ക lɤa

ൾ്ക lɤa

ഴ്ക ḻɤa.]

d. Doubled.

2) ക്ക kka	ങ്ങ ṅṅa
ച്ച čča	ജ്ജ jja	ഞ്ഞ ṅṅa
ട്ട ṭṭa	ഡ്ഡ ḍḍa	ണ്ണ ṇṇa
ത്ത tta	ദ്ദ dda	ന്ന nna & ńńa 3)
പ്പ ppa	ബ്ബ bba	മ്മ mma	etc. 4)

e. Following r (1). 5)

ൎക്ക rka	ൎഗ്ഗ rga	ൎച്ച rča	ൎജ്ജ rĵa	ൎണ്ണ rṇa
ൎത്ത rta	ൎദ്ദ rda	ൎന്ന rna	ൎപ്പ rpa	ബ്ബ rba	etc.

2. Combined with Nasals. ( § § 83, 84) 6)

ങ്ക ṅga	(ംഖ ṅkha	ംഗ ṅġa	ഞ്ച ṅĵ	(ഞ്ഛ ṅċha)
ഞ്ജ ṅĵ	ണ്ട ṇḍa	ണ്ഡ ṇḍa	ന്ത nda
ന്ദ nďa	മ്പ mba	ൻപ ńba	ംബ mḃa

3. Between 2 Vowels. (§ § 36-48) 7)

ka ɤa	ഗ ġa	ച ĵa (ša)	ജ ĵa	ട ḍa	ഡ ḍa
ത ḋa	ദ ďa	പ ba		ബ ḃa
കൃ ɤr	ഗൃ ġr	ജൃ ĵr	തൃ ơṛ	ദൃ ḋṛ	പൃ bṛ	ബൃ ḃṛ

[ 68 ] 4. Peculiarities.

a. ൽ, besides expressing final l, serves also for Sanscrit ത് t, which in Malayā-
ḷam is pronounced l, f.i. in ഉൽ, തൽ, മൽ etc.; അത്ഭുതം, ഉത്സാഹം, താൽപൎയ്യം,
ചമൽകാരം, ഗല്ഗദം, etc. (These are in Sanscrit čamat-kära, gadgaďa, etc.).

b. ന & ൻ. The Malayāḷam has two different n, viz: the true dental ന (4th
Varga) and the Dravidian (dento-gingival) ൻ (6th Varga, page 523). The distinct
pronunciation of both is still in use, but not nowadays, (as is the case with the Tamil),
the consistent writing of the characters representing it.

The dental ന(n) occurring as initial and combining with the Dentals (nd, nth, nď,
ndh) is unmarked; but dental ന്ന (originating from ൻ+റ, see 523, & ന്ത) is marked
by a grave accent (ńń), Both have dental pronunciation. 1)

The Dravidian ൻ(ń), besides being final (ń), combines with റ in ന്റെ ńďē (Gen.
Sing), sometimes with പ in ൻപ (also written മ്പ) ńba, with മ in (Plur.) ന്മാർ
ńmār (=ൻമാർ), or it results from the phonetic change of ൽ(ല് & ത്) before മ 523,
and, in contradistinction to n combining with Dentals, this n is marked by a grave
accent and pronounced dento-gingivally.

As this ൻ preponderates between vowels it has been left unmarked in transcrip-
tion; all such n & nn (without the grave accent) point therefore to ൻ, ൻൻ and
are pronounced accordingly. 2)

c. റ (6th Varga) has three different pronunciations.3)

1. റ doubled (റ്റ) is marked ťťa (resembling tt in utter),

2. combined with ൻ (ന്റ) is marked ńďa (resembling nd in binder),

3. initial and medial റ is marked ŕ. [ 69 ]

ab.	above.	BhadrD. Bh.D	Bhadra Dīpam, or Bhadra Dīpa- pratišṭa.
Abl.	Ablative (case).
abr.	abridged. [lute manner.	Bhg.	Bhāgavatam.
abs.	the case absolute, or in an abso-	Bhg V.	Bhāgavata Vyākhyānam.
abstr.N.	abstract Noun.	Bhr.	Mahābhāratam.
aC.	ancient Canarese.	BR.(BalR.)	Bāla Rāmāyaṇam.
acc.	according to	Brhm P.	Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇam.
Acc	Accusative (case).	Buch.	Buchanan J : a journey through Mysore, etc. London 1807, 3 Vol.
A. D.	Anno Domini (the Christian era).
adj.	adjective.	C.	Canarese (tongue).
adj.P.	do. Participle.	c.	case.
adv., advl.	adverb, adverbial	Cal.	Calicut.
adv. P.	adverbial Participle.	Cal. KU.	Calicut Kēraḷa Utpatti.
Adw.	Adwaitam.	Can.	Cannanore.
Adw. S.	Adwaita Shatakam.	Carṇāmṛ.	Kŗšṇa-, or Rāma-Karṇāmṛtam.
AK.	gnāna Kuṭhāram. (Cottayam).	Cart V.	Kārtavīryārjuna Katha.
al.	alias, otherwise, elsewhere.	CatR.	Catechismus romanus, Rome.
a M.	ancient Malayāḷam.	caus	causal.
Amara S. (K.)	Amara Simham (Kōšam).	CC., (CCh.)	Cṛšṇa Charitam.
a med.	ancient Medical Treatises in prose.	cfr.	confer = compare.
Anach.	Anācharam	CG.	Cṛĭṇa Gātha.
Anj.	Anjaḍі (poem).	Cheṙ.	Chēṙa-nāḍụ.
a N. pr.	Nomen proprium, a proper name.	Chin.	Chinese (tongue).
Арр.	Appendix.	Ċhintar.	Chintā-ratnam.
AR.	Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇam.	Chint. R. (ChR)	Chintāmani Ratnam.
Ar.	Arabic (tongue). [yam 1851.	Chir. doc.	Chiracal documents.
Arb.	Arbuthnot A. J., Selections. Cotta-	Christ.	Christian.
Arch.	Architecture.	ChS.	Chalana Shāstram.
arith.	arithmetic, arithmetical.	ChVr.	Chaturdaša vŗttam.
Asht.	Ašṭānga Hṛdayam.	Coch KM.	Cochi Këraḷa Māhātmyam.
astrol.	astrology.	Co. KN.	Cōlattiri Kēraḷa Nāṭakam.
astr(on.).	astronomy.	Col.	Cōla-nāḍụ.
aT.	ancient Tamil.	coll. T.	colloquial Tamil.
auxV.	auxiliary verb.	com.	commonly.
B.	Bailey B.: Mal.-Engl. Dict. 1846. (& Scripture Transl.).	comp.	compare, comparison.
		Compr.	Comparative.
bef.	before.	Cond.	Conditional.
bel.	below.	contr.	contracted.
Beng.	Bengali (tongue).	corr.	corrupted, corruption.

[ 70 ]

correl	correlative.	fr.	from.
Срds.	Compounds.	freq V.	frequentative Verb.
CrArj.	Cṛšṇārjuna Yuddham.	fut.	future tense.
CrР.	Cṛši Pāṭṭụ (about agriculture).	G.	Greek (tongue).
CS.	Kaṇacku Sāram.	Gan.	Ganita shāstram.
Cur.	Curian G.: an Essay on the Mal. Syr. Church etc., Cottayam 1872.	Ge.	German (tongue).
		gen.	generally.
CV.	Causal Verb. (Madras 1863.	Gen.	Genitive (case).
D.	Day F, the Land of the Perumals,	Genov.	Genovefa (Rom. Cath. poem).
Dalkh.	Dakhāni (tongue).	Ger.	Gerund (gram.).
Dat.	Dative (case).	GnP.	Gnāna-pāna.
def V.	defective Verb.	Gōṇḍ	(a Dravidian language).
den V.	denominative Verb.	Govt.	Government.
der.	derivative.	GP.	Guṇa-pāṭham, Cottayam.
desid.	desiderative (verb etc.)	gram.(m).	grammar, grammatical term.
dict.	dictionary.	H.	Hindustāni (tongue).
difft.	different.	Heb.	Hebrew (tongue). [pany.
dim.	diminutive (noun).	H. C.	The Honorable East India Com-
distr.	distributive.	HNK. (НК.)	Harināma Kīrtanam.
DM.	Dēvi Māhātmyam.	hon.	honorary, honorific.
DN.	Damayantī Nāṭakam.	Hor. (HV.)	Hōrā Vyākhyānam.
doc.	document, documental.	Hung.	Hungarian (tongue).
Drav.	Dravidian.	huntg.	hunting.
E.	English; East (region).	Hyd.	Hyder Ali.
EM.	Ēkādaŝi Māhātmyam.	id.	idem = the same.
emph.	emphatic, emphatically.	i. e.	id est=that is.
EP.	Eli Pāṭṭụ (about cats & rats).	imit.	imitative (sound).
epist	epistolary (style).	imp. (impeṛs.)	impersonal.
Eṙ.	Eṙa-nāḍụ.	Imper.	Imperative.
esp.	especially.	indef.	indefinite.
Esthn.	Esthonian (tongue).	Inf.	Infinitive.
euph	euphemistic.	Interj.	Interjection.
Eur	Europe, European.	insсr.	inscription.
ex	example.	Instr.	Instrumental (case).
expl.	an expletive or expletively.	Intens.	Intensive.
f.	feminine gender.	inter.	interrogative.
f. i.	for instance.	intr.	intransitive.
fig	figuratively.	i. q.	id quod=the same as.
Finn.	Finnic (languages).	J.	Jerdon C.T.: the Birds of India Calcutta 1862, 2 Vol.
foll.	following.	Jew. Doc.	Jewish Documents.
Fr.	French (tongue).	jud.	judicial papers.

[ 71 ]

Kaḍ.	Kaḍattuwa-nāḍụ.	Nom.	Nominative (case).
KeiN.	Keivalya Navanītam.	NS.	Nyāya Shāstram.
KM.	Kēralḷa Māhātmyam.	obj.	objective.
KN.	Kēraḷa Nāṭakam [ki's Rām.).	obl.	oblique case.
KR.	Kēraḷa Varma Rāmāyaṇam(Vālmī-	obs.	obsolete.
KU.	Kēraḷa Utpatti.	obsc.	obscene.
KumK	Kumārāharaṇa Katha.	Onap.	Ōṇa Pāṭṭụ.
L.	Latin (tongue)	Onamat.	Onamatopœia (limitation of sound).
lit.	literally.	opp.	opposite.
loc.	Locative (case).	P.	Persian (tongue).
LPS.	Laxmī Pārvatī Samwādam.	Palg.	Palghaut (district).
M.	Malayāḷam (tongue).	Palg. exh.	do. exhibition 1867.
m.	masculine gender.	part.	participle.
Mahr.	Mahrathi (tongue).	pass.	passive.
Mal.	Malabar (country).	Pat R.	Pātāḷa Rāmāyaṇam.
Malap.	Malapuṙam (place).	Pay.	Payanūr Pāṭṭụ.
Malay.	Malayan (tongue).	phil	philosophy.
Mantr.	A collection of Mantrams.	pl.	plural (number).
math.	mathematics.	pleon.	pleonastic.
MC.	Mṛga Charitam (Cottayam).	Plin.	Pliny.
med.	medical, medicinal	po.	poetic usage.
met.	metaphorically.	Port.	Portugueso (tongue).
milit.	military. [mams.	pos.	positive (opp. negative; degree).
MM.	Marmamaṇy, old treatise on Mar-	p.p.	participle of the perfect passive (S.).
mod.	modern. [Day.)	PP.	Puttan Pāna, Cottayam 1844.
Mo. Pra.	Mōxadāyaka Prakaraṇam. (Mox.	PR.	Praṡna Rīti.
Mpl. (Mapl.)	Mappiḷḷās, Malabar Mohammedans.	PrC.	Prahlāda Charitam.
MP. (Matsy.).	Matsya Purāṇam. (1856.)	prec.	preceding.
MR.	Collect Ch., Malayāḷam Reader.	prep.	preposition.
Ms., MSS.	Manuscript, Manuscripts. [tram).	pres	present tense.
Mud.	Mudrarāxasam (Chāṇakya Sū-	prh.	perhaps.
myth.	mythology, mythological.	prob.	probably.
Nal.	Naḷa Charitam.	pron.	pronoun.
Nasr.	Nasrāṇis.	prov.	proverbs, proverbial.
N.	Name, Noun, North.	PT.	Panchatantram, in 2 versions.
n.	neuter gender; negative.	Ptol.	Ptolomy.
neg.	negative.	q.v.	quod vide=which see.
Neg V.	Negative Verb.	RamK.	Rāma Katha.
Nid.	Nidānam, Cottayam.	RC.	Rāma Charitam.
N.N.	Name and surname.	Rel. Part., Pron.	Relative Participle, Pronoun.
No., NoM.	North, North Malabar.	rev., Rev.	revenue papers, revenue term.

[ 72 ]

Rh.	Rheede's hortus malabaricus, 1689.	TR.	Tellicherry Records (chiefly A.D. 1796-1799).
Rom. Cath.	Roman Catholic.
RS.	Rāmāyaṇa Sankīrtanam.	tr.	transitive.
S.	Sanscrit; South (region).	Trav.	Travancore (country).
Sah.	Sahadēva Vākyam.	TrP.	Tiruwanantapura Panchāngam.
Sah.M.	Sahya Māhātmyam.
Sancr.	Sankrānti Māhātmyam.	Tu.	Tuḷu (tongue).
Sank. Ach.	Shankara Āchārya's history(prose).	Turk.	Turkish (tongue).
Scr.	Scriptural (Bible).	UmV.	Umēšāna vṛttam.
SG.	Santāna Gōpālam (2 versions).	UR.	Uttara Rāmāyaṇam.
ShV.	Shabari Vākyam. [etc.).	v.	verb.
sic	=thus (so met with in Granthams	v. a.	active verb.
SidD.	Siddhānta Dīpika.	v. i.	intransitive verb.
Sil.	Shīlavati Pāṭṭụ. [ prefixes.	v. int.	intensive verb.
simpl.	simple, i.e. verbor Noun without	v. iter.	iterative verb.
sing.	singular (number).	v.n.	neuter verb.
Si Pu. (SP.)	Shiva Purāṇam.	V. part.	Verbal participle.
SiR.	Shiva-rātri Māhātmyam.	v. t.	transitive verb.
Sit Vij.	Sītā Vijayam.	V.	verapoly dictionaries.
Sit Vṛtt.	Sītā Vṛttam.	V1.	the 1st part, Mal. & Port.
Sk.	Skāndam purāṇam.	V2.	the 2nd part, port. & Mal.
Soc.	Social (case).	VCh.	Veirāgya chandrōdayam.
So. Can.	South Canara.	Ved.	the Vedic language.
So. & So M.	South, South Malabar.	Ved (t). D.	Vēdānta Daršanam.
Som.	Sōmavāra-Pāṭṭụ.	Vednt.	Vēdānta treatise.
Som. Mah.	Sōmavāra Māhātmyam.	Vetc. (VC.)	Vētāḷa Charitam. [ers).
SSh.	Shilātāmra Shāsanaṅgal.	VeY.	Vēḍāyuddham (a poem about hunt-
Stuti	different Stutis of Gods.	Vilvp.	Vilva Purāṇam.
Such. Mah.	Shuchīndra Māhātmyam.	VivR.	Vivāda Ratnākaram.
Superl.	Superlative.	VN.	Verbal Noun.
superst.	superstition.	Voc	Vocative (case).
Sr., Swarg.	several Swargārōhaṇam.	vu.	vulgar.
Swarg Kaly.	Swargārōhṇa Kalyāṇam.	VyM.	Vyāvahāra Māla.
Syr.	Syrian (tongue).	VyP.	Vyākaraṇa Pravēšam.
T.	Tamil (tongue).	W.	Wilson's Vocabulary of Indian terms; West (region).
t.	tense.
Talip.	Taḷipaṙambu (district).	Winsl.	Winslow. Tam.-Engl. Dict. (1862).
Tantr.	Tantra-sangraham.	5.	the five Dravidian languages: Ta- mil, Telugu, Ċanarese, Tuḷu and Malayāḷam.
Tatw.	Tattwa-gnānam.
Tdbh.	Tadbhavam.
Te.	Tẹlugu (tongue).	4.	four of id. (with the exception of the one given).
Tell.	Tellicherry (district).	√	Root.
temp.	temporal.	- l -	repetition of the preceding word.
Ti.	Tīppu Katha.	Numbers after words refer to the pages of the Dictionary.
TP.	Tachōḷi Pāṭṭụ.