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9. Which are the surd letters?
ka, cha, ṭa, ta, pa. These are the surds.
10. Which are the aspirated surds?
kha, chha, ṭha, tha, pha. These five are aspirated
surds.
11. Which are the sonants?
ga, ja, ḍa da, ba. These five are sonants.
12. Which are the aspirated sonants?
gha, jha, ḍha, dha, bha. These five are aspirated
sonants.
13. What are the first twenty-five consonants called?
They are called the Sanskrit-vargas, each containing
five letters respectively.
14. Which are the gutturals?
ka, kha, ga, gha, nga. As these five sounds are formed
in the throat (=Latin guttur) they are called guttu-
rals.
15. Which are the palatals?
cha, chha, ja, jha, and ńa. As these five are formed
at the palate they are called palatals.
16. Which are the cerebrals?
ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa, ḷa, sha, zha. As these eight are
formed at the back of the roof of the mouth (near the
cerebrum) they are called cerebrals.
