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168. What forms exist derived from the root 'ur̥u'?
The adverbial participle 'ur̥r̥u’ and the adnounal parti-
ciple 'ur̥r̥a'.
169. What forms exist derived from the roots 'ir̥u', 'tar̥u'?
The adverbial participles only.
Ex: ir̥r̥u (ur̥r̥u) nókki; tar̥r̥u póyi.
170. Are there any other defective verbs?
Besides the above mentioned defective pure verbs, there
are also some old defective verbs, which are used to
express various adjuncts sometimes of nouns, sometimes
of verbs.
These no longer convey the idea of action (or change
of state) and hence the only forms in use are the ad-
nounal past and future participles, the adverbial past
participle, the infinitive, the old forms of the verbal
noun, and the participial nouns, and even of these some
are wanting in many such words; the principal are:
nal (=be good), chev (= chem) (= be red, beautiful),
veḷ (=be white), val (=be strong), peru (= be big),
cher̥u (=be little), kur̥u (= be diminished), iḷa (=be
young), mutu (=be old), putu (= be new), pazha (= be
old), kaṭu (=be hard) etc.
INDECLINABLES.
171. What is an indeclinable?
A word which does not assume any of the affixes or
undergo any of the changes of nouns and verbs.
