MALAYALIM LANGUAGE. 29
Used as particles these words require the nominative case; as,
ൟ മനുഷ്യൻ അല്ലാതെ ഇവിടെ ആരുമില്ല.
There is no one here but this man.
5th. കൂടാതെ or കൂടാതെ കണ്ട, Without. കൂടാതെ is the nega-
tive participle of the verb കൂടുന്നു to join. When used as a particle it
corresponds to the English word without, considered as a conjunction or
preposition, and requires the nominative or accusative case.
കണ്ട is a mere expletive.
6th. പൊലെ, Like, equal to. This particle governs nouns in the
nominative, accusative, and occasionally in other cases. When in the
nominative, എന്ന must be inserted between the noun and പൊലെ.
എന്ന is also required in most cases, but the accusative.
When എന്ന is used there is a slight difference in the meaning, but
this is seldom observed; as,
അവൻ എന്ന പൊലെ ഇവൻ ചെയ്തു. He acted like him.
അവൻ ഇവനെ പൊലെ ആകുന്നു. This is like him.
i.e. in person, condition, or circumstances.
7th. ആയിട്ട. For, for the purpose of, etc. This particles comes from
the verb ആകുന്നു. It requires nouns in the nominative and dative
cases; and is added to the infinitive of verbs.
8th. നിമിത്തം, നിമിത്തമായിട്ട, ഹെതുവായിട്ട. Though, for
the sake of, on account of. With a very few exceptions these particles
require the nominative case.
9th. തമ്മിൽ. This particle, which is often repeated, corresponds to
our words, one another, each other, together; etc.
It is used with nominative case; as,
അവർ തമ്മിൽ തമ്മിൽ സംസാരിച്ചു. They spake together.
34. The following particles require the genitive case of nouns, and
pronouns; as,
1st. ശെഷം. This particle, which comes from the verb ശെഷി
ക്കുന്നു, governs the genitive case: as,
ആ കാൎയ്യത്തിന്റെ ശെഷം. After that affair.
ശെഷം, is sometimes prefixed to nouns and pronouns, or stands
