28 A GRAMMAR OF THE
native case is abbreviated: and a noun or pronoun having reference to
the first noun is added to the particle; as,
തെക്ക മുതലായ വൃക്ഷങ്ങൾ The Teak and the rest of the Trees.
വൃക്ഷാദികൾ, The Trees and the rest.
These phrases are idiomatic and intended to denote a whole class of
anything: that which is considered the chief of the class is expressed,
and മുതലായ, തുടങ്ങിയുള്ള, or ആദി, with a noun or pronoun are
affixed to designate the whole class in all its varieties; as,
സിംഹം മുതലായ മൃഗങ്ങൾ. The Lion and the rest of the Beasts.
Implying that the Lion is the chief among Beasts and that all other Beasts are included.
ഇന്ദ്രാദി ദെവകൾ. Indra and the rest of the gods.
These phrases nearly correspond to the English expressions,
"All Beasts from the Lion downwards."
"All gods from Indra downwards."
2nd. വരെ, വരെക്ക, Up to, as far as. This particle is frequently
used in the same sentence with മുതൽ; in which, as well in other cases,
യും is added to it; as,
ആ സമയം മുതൽ ഇത, or ൟ സമയം, വരെയും.
From that time to this.
3rd. തൊട്ട, From. This particle requires the nominative case of
nouns. and is sometimes affixed to adverbs; as,
അന്ന തൊട്ട, From that time. അന്ന, these.
അവർ അന്നുതൊട്ടന്യൊന്യസ്നെഹാകുലന്മാരായിതീൎന്നു.9
From that day they became firm friends, or united in love.
4th. അല്ലാതെ, ഇല്ലാതെ, ഒഴികെ, besides, but, in the sense of
except.
അല്ലാതെ and ഇല്ലാതെ, are the verbal participles of the negative
verbs അല്ല and ഇല്ല. ഒഴികെ, comes from the verb ഒഴിയുന്നു to avoid.
9 That the Student may be the better prepared to understand native
writings, I have copied, without amending, several examples from
their books, as in the present case, which is a quotation from a work
called പഞ്ച തന്ത്രം Puncha-Tatrum.
