MALAYALIM LANGUAGE. 23
In a few cases നിർ renders words more intensive, and in such instan-
ces the first letter of the word affixed is, generally, doubled; as,
നിർബ്ബന്ധം, Constraint: from നിർ and ബന്ധം Bond, Tie.
10th. അപ or അവ, implies privacy, and is often employed in a
bad sense; as,
അപമാനം, Disgrace; | from | അപ | and | മാനം, | Honor. |
അപകീർത്തി, Infamy; | ,, | അവ | ,, | കീൎത്തി, | Fame. |
11th. അ in connexion signifies without, or privation; as,
അസത്യം, | Falsehood; | from | അ | and | സത്യം, | Truth. |
അവിശ്വാസം. | Unbelief; | ,, | ,, | ,, | വിശ്വസം, | Faith. |
അന്യായം, | Injustice; | ,, | ,, | ,, | ന്യായം, | Justice. |
12th. പ്രതി, Again, against, for, back again. In composition it has
three meanings.
First. as a particle of distribution: in this case it is affixed to the
nominative case of nouns, and sometimes to other words; as,
ദിവസംപ്രതി, Day by day.
ആളാംപ്രതി, Person by person.
Second. Prefixed to nouns it conveys the sense of reciprocity; as,
പ്രതിവാദി, | Defendant; | from | വാദി Plaintiff. |
പ്രത്യുത്തരം, | Reply; | ,, | ഉത്തരം Answer. |
Third. It governs the accusative case of nouns, in the sense of about,
or concerning; as,
അവൻ എന്നെ പ്രതി ദുഃഖിച്ചു. He grieved about me.
29. The following particles, for the most part, serve to connect sen-
tences; as,
1st. എന്ന8 That. An illative conjunction used to shew that the
subject referred to is contained in the preceding sentence; as,
അവൻ വരും എന്ന അവൾ പറഞ്ഞു. They said that he would come.
This particle is sometimes prefixed to pronouns; as,
എന്നതിന്റെ ശെഷം, After that. എന്നതകൊണ്ട, By which, whereupon.
8 For the further use of this and all other words of this class, see the
Syntax of Particles.